호주군 Hawkei LPV 하고 버전들

원래 Land 121 Phase 4는 랜드로버을 대채하기 위래 나온 사업임. 여기에서 호주 정부는 3개에 선택지가 있었읍.

1.미국의 JLTV 프로그램와 같이 하던가

2.호주 안에서 만들고, 유지보수

3. 그냥 지금 나와있는걸 사던가.

호주 정부 및 군는 2번안을 선택하고 Hawkei LPV가 선택둼 그리고 총 1100 대을 구매함. Thales Australia가 게약자로.

2018년 8월에 호주 국가회계관 (ANO)은 Hawkei 사업을 비판함.,보고서는 호주가 Hawkei 조달 경쟁을 위해 JLTV 프로그램에 남아있었어야 했고 국방부가 장관들에게 Hawkei 프로그램에 대해 충분한 정보를 제공하지 않았다고 판단함.이중에는 호주에서 만들는 이득 몇로 없다는 것도 포함뎀. ANAO는 Christian Porter 법무장관이 회계감사를 공표하는 것이 국가 안보를 해칠 것이라고 판결한 후 감사 내용의 일부를 출판할 수 없었습니다. Thales는 올해 초 보고서에서 자료를 삭제하기 위해 법적 조치를 취했습니다. 자유 정보 요청에 따라 2021년에 발표된 일부 억제 요소에는 국방부가 호케이가 JLTV와 비교하여 돈의 가치를 나타냈다는 것을 입증할 수 없었다는 내용이 포함되어 있습니다.

Source:

Source: Australian military's $1.3 billion Hawkei contract criticisms revealed after previously sealed by the Attorney-General - ABC News

Hawkei is Coming, What can we do with it? | The Cove (army.gov.au)

호주군 Hawkei 버전들:

1.지금 버전들

Current role - Armoured Support Vehicle. In its armoured Land Rover or armoured support vehicle configuration, Hawkei can be used for command, control, coordination, liaison and logistics; while its reconnaissance capacity has reduced by some of the design decisions. Due to emergent properties, specialist team and transporter functions have been added to this category. The range of armoured support vehicle functions are:

Command, Control, Coordination and Liaison. Headquarters elements can use the Hawkei to command subordinate elements, enable liaison or visits to military elements or civilian leaders, control supporting systems and apply targeted effects. The compact size of Hawkei makes it suitable for convoy command and control, advance party or step-up tasks. While it is possible for Hawkei to transport small headquarters cells, this should generally be done in a Bushmaster.
Reconnaissance. The Hawkei system is suitable for engineer, artillery, headquarters, logistics and other specialist
reconnaissance tasks. But, the Hawkei is not well suited to act as a carrier for combat reconnaissance elements due to its loud aural signature, limited vision from the cab and lack of sensors. Additionally, without adequate sensors[18], warners, and automatic screening systems, Hawkei secedes relative advantage and becomes vulnerable to a surprise strike by weapons, such as laser guided munitions or systems using laser range finders. Once sensor and targeting pods are fitted, to an armed and jammer protected Hawkei, it would be a significant combat multiplier. Or if combined with Boxer[19] it would provide a compact reconnaissance, surveillance and watch system, able to go where Boxer might not.
Logistic. Logistics elements can use the 2DV to deliver small quantities of stores and equipment where larger vehicles are considered unsuitable. The stores can be in the form of palletised, loose general cargo or in specialist modules with a payload of approximately 1 500 kg. The 2DV flatbed tray has integrated twist-locks to secure a TRICON container. These logistics vehicles could also be configured as ammunition transporters to support weapon carrier vehicles.
Specialist Team. Hawkei can be utilised by specialist teams able to make use of the vehicle or its subsystems, such as: radio re-transmission, unmanned system, forward repair teams, ‘street view’/radio-electronic sniffer[20] or military dog detachments. At the time of writing, specialist modules or modifications for these roles have not been designed.
Air and missile defence transporter. As the L19-7B National/Norwegian Advanced Surface to Air Missile System (NASAMS) is introduced into service, Hawkei will be employed in the battlespace with elements of the integrated air and missile defence system fitted to the rear of the 2DV or towed by the 4DV. However, an apportionment review will need to ensure all personnel are protected when the systems are ready to fire.[21]
Satellite terminal transporter. JP2072 is delivering Mobile Satellite Terminals (MST) as a purpose designed trailer, which is only towable by either a 4DV or 2DV. Selected Army and RAAF communications elements will be issued Hawkei and MSTs.

2.미래 버전들

Proposed New Role – ‘Light Armoured Fighting Vehicle’. Developing the proposed new role as a light armoured fighting vehicle requires further evolution of the RWS to carry a combination of cannon, missiles, machine guns, automatic grenade launchers and sensors in order to weaponise and sensorise Hawkei. In effect, Hawkei becomes a modern light armoured fighting vehicle that can be used offensively or defensively. As a fighting vehicle, Hawkei can provide armed reconnaissance, fires, and protection to headquarters, infantry, artillery, engineer, signals and logistic units. Furthermore, Hawkei provides operational and strategic strike potential when air transported or parachuted[22]. In effect, the early design decisions drove Hawkei to straddle two previously separate roles; that subsequently leads to interoperability in the ‘close fight’ with the future L400 armoured fighting system.

A key issue will certainly be where are the vehicles coming from to dedicate to the light armoured fighting vehicle role? And where will those vehicles be held? At final material release in December 2021 we will have 635 4DV, which equates to 42 Keogh Combat Teams (KCT) or 14 Keogh Battle Group (KBG) [23] worth of Hawkei. Given we only need to generate three ready now KBGs, means that we have a large number of 4DV which could be dedicated as light armoured fighting vehicles and they would be available for assignment to a KBG either formally or on request. As for their place in unit establishments – initial views indicate that armoured/cavalry units, Reserves earmarked for security duties[24] or the support companies of the infantry would be best placed to accept fighting Hawkei, and that logistics battalions may benefit from escort companies, but the answer needs further analysis.

Accepting the emergent light armoured fighting vehicle characteristics of Hawkei leads to the following general configurations:

Weapons carrier. When Hawkei is fitted with 7.62mm or 12.7mm machine guns or a 40mm automatic grenade launcher in a MWM or RWS, it functions as a weapons carrier to provide attack-by-fire (ABF) or support-by-fire (SBF) to other elements[25]. If fitted with the EOS R400S[26] or equivalent, a future weapons growth path could include a 30mm auto-cannon, anti-tank guided missile and a light machine gun. These would provide utility against armoured vehicles, ‘technicals’[27] defenders in improvised fortification and personnel in the open. The 4DV, if used as a weapons carrier would need to be supported by 2DV ammunition carriers and would greatly benefit from close cooperation with sensor packed drones. Stand-off and defilade firing positions are important, since Hawkei’s engine is not well protected. The transfer of ammunition will need to be conducted away from direct fire threats and with the necessary consideration of any indirect fire. Elements of conventional support[28] companies could potentially be replaced with Hawkei mounted systems.
Escort. When fitted with manned or remote controlled weapons and jammers, the 4DV Hawkei provides a compact system that can act as an escort or gun vehicle[29] for convoys, liaison visits, delivery of supplies and specialist reconnaissance activities. The advent of a non-linear, dispersed and disaggregated battlespace has meant that even the shortest movement outside defended localities require armour, jammers and weapons; which can’t always be fitted to a single vehicle. As a result, the development of agile and powerful escorts based on vehicles such as Hawkei is becoming the norm[30]. The advent of specialist escorts has organisational and training implications.
Fire control vehicle. A 4DV fitted with digital terminal control system (DTCS) supports Joint Fire Teams (JFT) and potentially Battery Tactical Parties[31]. Present configurations of Hawkei are not engineered to support JFTs fighting whilst under armour. The vehicle provides protected mobility for a JFT and a platform for the ad hoc rigging of their systems on the roof or manned weapon mount, while using the DCTS from their seat. DTCS is available on the platform ICS, which allows the JFT to maintain situational awareness and receive updates, while moving, through the vehicle’s radios. The manpack DTCS is synchronised with the vehicle ICS via a ‘sync-cable’ when connected on occupying the vehicle and is updated via the ICS when the JFT is preparing to leave. The 4DV allows for a driver and three-man JFT, which means a JFT will usually need to be equipped with two vehicles. Future versions of advanced field artillery tactical data system (AFATDS) will be available on the ICS, enabling the vehicles to be used by fires command elements to provide command, planning, control and coordination of fire-missions and fire units from inside a Hawkei.

Realising the value of Hawkei as a light armoured fighting vehicle has a significant operational impact. Hawkei can easily be envisaged as critical to shaping, entry, decisive and transition actions. Operationally, Hawkei is suitable for amphibious, airborne and land operations. With a shift to targeting[32] over manoeuvre, as a key strategic driver to change threat behaviour, the Hawkei supports compression of ‘kill chains’[33] by bringing protected small calibre, but powerful, weapons closer to a fight; increasing speed and quality of decisions through the networked battle and fires management systems and improving organic logistics velocity to the smallest tactical teams.

Air and sea projected Hawkei, Bushmasters and protected Heavy/Medium Rheinmetall-MAN trucks combined with sea or air stand-off weapons provides a significant relative advantage, and a dilemma to adversaries, across our primary operating area; which will be even more concerning to any adversary once L400 systems arrive. However, until CH-47F or CH-53K[34] helicopter lift of Hawkei is certified, operationally significant air mobile operations to deliver, displace or recover Hawkei will not be possible.[35]

Deployments will generally follow a simple mission profile of: concentration, preparation, projection, insertion, infiltration, actions in a target area, exfiltration, extraction and reconstitution. While each activity is important this article will focus on ‘actions in a target area’. The following vignettes help to understand the role of Hawkei as it is used in ‘actions in a target area’.

Combined Arms team - Close combat. While the L400 vehicles will comprise our primary close combat force, a force that contains a combination of Hawkei, Bushmaster and armoured trucks also offers close combat advantages – especially due to their air portability. Integrating with towed artillery and unmanned aerial systems, they provide the most deployable and employable ground force that the ADF can currently generate. This force can be relatively easily projected within Australia or into the near region, using service/national air and sea transports. In addition to a projection advantage, the lighter force has a manoeuvre advantage in a broad range of climatic zones and terrain types. The force can also operate effectively against the expected Tier 1-2[36] threats using its mobility, protection, digital and fires advantage[37]. Force application using the projected light armoured force requires an emphasis on quick decisions, quick movement, effective use of micro-terrain and concentrated surprise strikes at the longest possible stand-off ranges. Should operations require an emphasis on infantry in close combat, then they will be able to be brought near to the close fight in protected vehicles and supported during break-ins by intimate protected fires. The combination is a particularly useful operational tool when overwatch, counter-attacks, blocking or security actions are required for non-combatant evacuation operations (NEO), security assistance or stability operations (SASO) or joint land combat (JLC) operations. For the greatest effect, the force needs to emphasise attack-by-fire, support-by-fire, ambush and mobile defence over positional techniques, in imitation of the German technique of being operationally offensive and tactically defensive.

Vital asset protection/defence. Airfields, operating bases, ports and other important infrastructure or some natural features are important key points to modern forces; consequently they require close protection/defence. Success is reliant on the close teaming between intelligence and combat systems. On the ground, fighting and support variants of Hawkei combine with personnel carrying and command Bushmasters to form the core of the ground combat elements tasked to protect assets, infrastructure and personnel against attack, observation, sabotage or espionage. Small 4–6 man teams with unmanned sensors and or drones shaped by intelligence analysis, attempt to find and fix threats in the zone immediately beyond a perimeter fence. Other Hawkei and Bushmaster elements stationed on high-alert are combined into strike forces to counter any identified threats through the application of fire rather than assault, using the overmatch of their direct and indirect fire weapons. Beyond the close-defence zone, integrated search and destroy Hawkei, Bushmasters and manned/unmanned aircraft operate together to conduct sweeps, patrols, ambushes and check points to cover the most likely avenues of approach, while adding defensive depth to further restrict an adversary’s access to the key points.

Rear area security[38]. In the rear area, an adversary is expected to carry out observation, sabotage, infiltration, assaults, indirect strikes, mining, and psychological actions. A rear area security force will need to be created. That force will be confronted with a combination of large and small forces threatening disaggregated concentrations or movements. While Australian armoured combat doctrine does not distinguish between operations in the spaces between key nodes and operations in a combat-contact zone, the distinction is useful in highlighting the difference and value of both light and heavy armoured forces. Doctrinally, preventing disruption is accomplished through observation and patrolling with heavy reliance on a strong reserve[39]. Against a large enemy force, delay and disruption are emphasised while against a small enemy force identification, interception and destruction by fire are expected. Where possible, destruction by fire should be based on movement of weapons to permit defensive application of fire in developed engagement areas. Much like in vital asset protection/defence, Hawkei and Bushmaster provide the core of task organised teams for both roving and high-alert strike or reserve forces to find, fix or finish identified threats before resetting[40].

Convoy protection. The road movement of troops, stores, supplies and equipment during disaggregated operations will usually be done as a convoy, which will require a degree of protection. Protecting convoys will shift from a solely logistics problem to a combined intelligence, combat and logistic problem. Hawkei offers the convoy protection group a vehicle that can be used in advance, flank and rear guards, and close protection. A vehicle acting in the close protection role is traditionally referred to as an escort vehicle. Hawkei could become an excellent ‘escort vehicle’, able to provide direct and indirect fires, mobile jamming, and reconnaissance functions all in one system. Combined with Bushmaster to provide lift to convoy command, troop, engineer and medical elements, convoys can now be provided with a balanced protection group. Ideally the group should not be drawn from the combat elements, but should be a dedicated task-organised team[41]. The combination of Hawkei and Bushmaster allows the armoured trucks to be closed down and able to concentrate on moving the convoy’s cargo. As an escort to convoys and packets, Hawkei should be fitted with overmatching weapons and jammers and fought as a light armoured fighting vehicle, engaging at the longest practical range, with maximum surprise. With Hawkei offering a vehicle combining both weapons and jammers, the need for separate fire support and electronic countermeasures vehicles is removed, reducing establishments. Additionally, Hawkei also provides utility for small groups conducting route reconnaissance, and for Military Police teams conducting traffic control and checkpoints.

Source: https://cove.army.gov.au/sites/default/files/hawkei_is_coming_what_can_we_do_with_it.pdf